Infections in the era of immunobiologicals.

Immunobiologicals represent an innovative therapeutic option in dermatology. They are indicated in severe and refractory cases of different diseases when there is contraindication, intolerance, or failure of conventional systemic therapy and in cases with significant impairment of patient quality of life. The main immunobiologicals used in dermatology basically include inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF), inhibitors of interleukin-12 and -23 (anti-IL12/23), inhibitors of interleukin-17 and its receptor (anti-IL17), inhibitors of interleukin-23 (anti-IL23), rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody), dupilumab (anti-IL4/IL13) and intravenous immunoglobulin. Their immunomodulatory action may be associated with an increase in the risk of infections in the short and long term, and each case must be assessed individually, according to the risk inherent to the drug, the patient general condition, and the need for precautions. This article will discuss the main risks of infection associated with the use of immunobiologicals, addressing the risk in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients, vaccination, fungal infections, tuberculosis, leprosy, and viral hepatitis, and how to manage the patient in the most diverse scenarios.

Aspects that facilitate access to care for viral hepatitis: An evaluative research

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern worldwide. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the factors that facilitate access to care for viral hepatitis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Using a sequential mixed method, this evaluation research was conducted in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS: Mapping of references and selection of regions were made based on the quantity and heterogeneity of services. The stakeholders, including the managers of the State Department of Health and professionals from reference services, were identified. Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted using content analysis and discussions guided by the dimensions of the analysis model of universal access to health services. RESULTS: In the political dimension, decentralizing services and adhering to the Intermunicipal Health Consortium are highly encouraged. In the economic-social dimension, a commitment exists to allocate public funds for the expansion of referral services and subsidies to support users in their travel for appointments, medications, and examinations. In the organizational dimension, the availability of inputs for testing, definition of user flow, ease of scheduling appointments, coordination by primary care in testing, collaboration following the guidelines and protocols, and engagement in extramural activities are guaranteed. In the technical dimension, professionals actively commit to the service and offer different opening hours, guarantee the presence of an infectious physician, expand training opportunities, and establish intersectoral partnerships. In the symbolic dimension, professionals actively listen to the experiences of users throughout their care trajectory and demonstrate empathy. CONCLUSIONS: The results are crucial for improving comprehensiveness, but necessitate managerial efforts to enhance regional governance.

Counselling behavioural interventions for HIV, STI and viral hepatitis among key populations: a systematic review of effectiveness, values and preferences, and cost studies.

INTRODUCTION: Key populations (sex workers, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, people in prisons and other closed settings, and trans and gender diverse individuals) are disproportionately affected by HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and viral hepatitis (VH). Counselling behavioural interventions are widely used, but their impact on HIV/STI/VH acquisition is unclear. METHODS: To inform World Health Organization guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness, values and preferences, and cost studies about counselling behavioural interventions with key populations. We searched CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed and EMBASE for studies published between January 2010 and December 2022; screened abstracts; and extracted data in duplicate. The effectiveness review included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with HIV/STI/VH incidence outcomes; secondary review outcomes of unprotected sex, needle/syringe sharing and mortality were captured if studies also included primary review outcomes. We assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration tool, generated pooled risk ratios through random effects meta-analysis and summarized findings in GRADE evidence profiles. Values and preferences and cost data were summarized descriptively. RESULTS: We identified nine effectiveness, two values and preferences, and two cost articles. Meta-analysis of six RCTs showed no statistically significant effect of counselling behavioural interventions on HIV incidence (1280 participants; combined risk ratio [RR]: 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.41-1.20) or STI incidence (3783 participants; RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.74-1.31). One RCT with 139 participants showed possible effects on hepatitis C virus incidence. There was no effect on secondary review outcomes of unprotected (condomless) sex (seven RCTs; 1811 participants; RR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.66-1.02) and needle/syringe sharing (two RCTs; 564 participants; RR 0.72; 95% CI: 0.32-1.63). There was moderate certainty in the lack of effect across outcomes. Two values and preferences studies found that participants liked specific counselling behavioural interventions. Two cost studies found reasonable intervention costs. DISCUSSION: Evidence was limited and mostly on HIV, but showed no effect of counselling behavioural interventions on HIV/VH/STI incidence among key populations. CONCLUSIONS: While there may be other benefits, the choice to provide counselling behavioural interventions for key populations should be made with an understanding of the potential limitations on incidence outcomes.

Efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in treatment of primary biliary cholangitis with portal hypertension / 临床肝胆病杂志

Objective To investigate the long-term efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with portal hypertension. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 102 patients who received TIPS in Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School from January 2015 to August 2021, and these patients were divided into PBC group with 41 patients and viral hepatitis cirrhosis group with 81 patients. Related indicators were collected, including routine blood test results, liver and renal function, coagulation function, portal vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and etiology of TIPS treatment shortly after admission, preoperative portal venous pressure, and stents used in surgery, and Child-Pugh score was calculated. Follow-up data were collected and analyzed, including postoperative upper gastrointestinal rebleeding, stent dysfunction, hepatic encephalopathy, and the data on survival and prognosis. The independent samples t -test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data with skewed distribution between two groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis, and the log-rank test was used for survival difference analysis. Results In the PBC group and the viral hepatitis cirrhosis group, the median percentage of reduction in portal venous pressure after surgery was 33.00% and 35.00%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups ( P > 0.05). At the end of follow-up, there were no significant differences between the PBC group and the viral hepatitis cirrhosis group in stent dysfunction rate (14.63% vs 24.69%, χ 2 =1.642, P > 0.05), upper gastrointestinal rebleeding rate (17.07% vs 24.69%, χ 2 =0.917, P > 0.05), the incidence rate of overt hepatic encephalopathy (12.20% vs 7.41%, χ 2 =0.289, P > 0.05), and disease-specific death rate (14.63% vs 9.88%, χ 2 =0.229, P > 0.05). Conclusion For PBC patients with portal hypertension, TIPS can achieve the same efficacy as the treatment of portal hypertension caused by viral hepatitis cirrhosis and can also effectively reduce portal hypertension without increasing the incidence rate of complications and disease-specific death rate. Therefore, it is a safe and effective treatment method.

Hepatitis mortality in Brazil and regions, 2001-2020: temporal trend and spatial analysis / Mortalidade por hepatites no Brasil e regiões, 2001-2020: tendência temporal e análise espacial

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the spatial distribution and the temporal trend of the hepatitis mortality rate in Brazil from 2001 to 2020. Methods: Ecological, temporal, and spatial study on mortality from hepatitis in Brazil with data from the Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade - SIM/DATASUS). Information was stratified by year of diagnosis, region of the country, municipalities (of residence). Standardized mortality rates (SMR) were calculated. The temporal trend was estimated by Prais-Winsten regression and the spatial distribution by the Global Moran Index (GMI). Results: The highest SMR means in Brazil were for Chronic viral hepatitis with 0.88 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants (SD=0.16), followed by Other viral hepatitis with 0.22/100,000 (SD=0.11). In Brazil, the temporal trend of mortality from Hepatitis A was −8.11% per year (95%CI −9.38; −6.82), while for Hepatitis B it was −4.13% (95%CI −6.03; −2.20), of Other viral hepatitis of −7.84% (95%CI −14.11; −1.11) and of Unspecified Hepatitis −5.67% per year (95%CI −6.22; −5.10). Mortality due to chronic viral hepatitis increased by 5.74% (95%CI 3.47; 8.06) in the North and 4.95% in the Northeast (95%CI 0.27; 9.85). The Moran Index (I) for Hepatitis A was 0.470 (p<0.001), for Hepatitis B 0.846 (p<0.001), Chronic viral hepatitis=0.666 (p<0.001), other viral hepatitis=0.713 (p<0.001), and Unspecified Hepatitis=0.712 (p<0.001). Conclusion: The temporal trend of hepatitis A, B, other viral, and unspecified hepatitis was decreasing in Brazil, while mortality from chronic hepatitis was increasing in the North and Northeast.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição espacial e a tendência temporal da taxa de mortalidade por hepatites no Brasil no período de 2001 a 2020. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, temporal e espacial sobre a mortalidade por hepatites no Brasil com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM/Datasus). As informações foram estratificadas por ano do diagnóstico, região do país, municípios (de residência). Foram calculadas as taxas padronizadas de mortalidade (TPM). A tendência temporal foi estimada pela regressão de Prais-Winsten e a distribuição espacial pelo Índice Global de Moran (IGM). Resultados: As maiores médias da TPM no Brasil foram para hepatite viral crônica, com 0,88 mortes para cada 100 mil habitantes (desvio padrão — DP=0,16), seguida de outras hepatites virais, com 0,22/100 mil (DP=0,11). No Brasil, a tendência temporal da mortalidade por hepatite A foi de −8,11% ao ano (intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC95% −9,38; −6,82), enquanto por hepatite B foi de −4,13% (IC95% −6,03; −2,20); de outras hepatites virais, foi de −7,84% (IC95% −14,11; −1,11) e de hepatite não especificada, de −5,67% ao ano (IC95% −6,22; −5,10). A mortalidade por hepatite viral crônica cresceu 5,74% (IC95%3,47; 8,06) no norte e 4,95% no nordeste (IC95% 0,27; 9,85). O Índice de Moran (I) para hepatite A foi de 0,470 (p<0,001), para hepatite B de 0,846 (p<0,001), hepatite viral crônica=0,666 (p<0,001), outras hepatites virais=0,713 (p<0,001) e hepatites não especificadas=0,712 (p<0,001). Conclusão: A tendência temporal das hepatites A, B, de outras hepatites virais e das não especificadas foi de diminuição no Brasil, enquanto a mortalidade por hepatites crônicas foi de crescimento nas Regiões Norte e Nordeste.

Research advances in cytomegalovirus hepatitis / 临床肝胆病杂志

Cytomegalovirus hepatitis is a liver disease caused by human cytomegalovirus infection and is one of the most common liver diseases in children and immunocompromised individuals. This disease has no specific clinical manifestations and is easily confused with other types of viral hepatitis, which may lead to delayed treatment or mistreatment. Therefore, the early diagnosis of cytomegalovirus hepatitis is of vital importance, and patients should be given timely and effective treatment with appropriately selected antiviral drugs and course of treatment. This article reviews the recent research advances in the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cytomegalovirus hepatitis.

Clinicopathological comparison of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with and without viral hepatitis / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To analyze the different clinicopathological features of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with and without viral hepatitis.Methods:The clinicopathological data of 79 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cases from Mar 2012 to Sep 2018 at Henan Provincial People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Twenty-five of the 79 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were accompanied by viral hepatitis. Those with viral hepatitis had a lower mean age at onset than those without [(53±11) years vs. (60±11) years, P=0.011], higher proportion of male patients (80% vs. 52%, P=0.017), higher AFP positive rate (40% vs. 19%, P=0.041), lower CA19-9 positive rate (48% vs. 72%, P=0.036), tend to occur in the right liver lobe (76% vs. 44%, P=0.009), a lower rate of bile duct invasion (16% vs. 41%, P=0.03), and were more likely to be mass type (mass type proportion 96% vs. 72%, P=0.032). Conclusions:Viral hepatitis is common in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with and without viral hepatitis differ in clinicopathology. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with viral hepatitis is more likely to have the characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma, while intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma without viral hepatitis is more likely to have the characteristics of cholangiocarcinoma.

Retrospective investigation on the normal range of serum alanine aminotransferase levels in healthy adults in Ningbo area / 中华传染病杂志

Objective:To reevaluate the upper limit of normal (ULN) of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by retrospectively analyzing the ALT levels in healthy people in Ningbo area.Methods:A total of 56 140 people who underwent health examination and detection of liver biochemical indexes in the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University and Yinzhou Huamao Hospital of Ningbo from 2018 to 2020 were enrolled. After excluding relevant factors that may lead to liver injury, 11 411 people were included to compare the difference of serum ALT levels among different genders and age groups (20 to 29 years, 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years and 50 to 59 years) to determine the ALT ULN in different gender groups. Statistical methods were performed using two independent samples t test and analysis of variance. Results:The serum ALT of males was (19.20±7.90) U/L, which was higher than that of females ((13.75±6.17) U/L), with statistical significance ( t=41.16, P<0.001). The serum ALT ULN in males and in females were 35 U/L and 26 U/L, respectively. The serum ALT levels of 20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49 and 50 to 59 years old groups were (15.48±7.61) U/L, (16.21±7.40) U/L, (17.36±7.52) U/L and (18.77±7.57) U/L, respectively.The difference was statistically significant ( F=71.51, P<0.001). Serum ALT level in 50 to 59 years old group was higher than that in 20 to 29 years old group, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=13.11, P<0.01). In males, the ALT ULN of 20 to 29 years old was the lowest of 34.43 U/L, and highest of 35.29 U/L in 40 to 49 years old. In females, the ALT ULN in the 20 to 29 years old group was the lowest of 23.01 U/L, and the ALT ULN in the 50 to 59 years old group was the highest of 30.79 U/L. ALT ULN increased with age in females. The serum ALT of males was higher than that of females in all age groups ( t=29.55, 26.91, 13.43 and 4.62, respectively, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The serum ALT level is significantly correlated to gender and age. The serum ALT ULNs of healthy adult are 35 U/L in males and 26 U/L in females in Ningbo area.

Contribuições da avaliação para a gestão do sus no enfrentamento das hepatites virais / Contributions of the evaluation to the management of sus in the coaching of viral hepatitis / Aportes de la evaluación al manejo del sus en el coaching de las hepatitis virales

Introdução: As hepatites virais constituem-se em um grave problema de saúde pública e sua eliminação é um dos desafios nos Sistemas de Saúde. Objetivo: Refletir acerca das contribuições da avaliação para a gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde no enfrentamento às hepatites virais. Método: Estudo teórico-reflexivo fundamentado nos pressupostos da avaliação de sistemas e serviços de saúde, embasado em documentos de bases de dados da saúde, nacionais e internacionais, ancorado nas categorias: Avaliação para a gestão no enfrentamento das hepatites virais; Enfrentamento das hepatites virais: experiências internacionais e reflexões para a gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde. Resultados: Pontua-se contribuição da avaliação para o enfrentamento, sendo a primeira o arcabouço teórico documental do Programa Nacional para a Prevenção e o Controle das Hepatites Virais alinhado à estrutura de gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde para favorecer o acesso e a segunda a organização da rede de atenção e seus recursos, com olhar estratégico a programas de microeliminação. Aspectos que podem auxiliar estudos de formulação de políticas avaliativas, respaldadas nos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde. Experiências internacionais no enfrentamento das hepatites foram listadas pelas estratégias e potência em direcionar ações avaliativas e de implementação para o Sistema Único de Saúde. Considerações Finais: Neste contexto, considera-se emergente instituir processo avaliativo para governar estratégias considerando cenários de peculiaridades das necessidades de saúde da população, da oferta de serviços, além de considerar, de modo abrangente, tecnologias e recursos necessários à atenção, com equilíbrio entre aspectos epidemiológicos, técnicos e políticos para a tomada de decisão (AU)

Introduction: Viral hepatitis is a serious public health problem and its elimination is one of the challenges in health systems. Objective: To reflect on the contributions of the evaluation to the management of the Unified Health System in coping with viral hepatitis. Method: Theoretical-reflective study based on the assumptions of the evaluation of health systems and services, based on national and international health database documents, anchored in the following categories: Evaluation for management in coping with viral hepatitis; Coping with viral hepatitis: international experiences and reflections for the management of the Unified Health System. Results: The contribution of the evaluation to the being the first the theoretical documentary framework of the National Program for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis aligned with the management structure of the Unified Health System to favor access and the second the organization of the care network and its resources, with a strategic view to microelimination programs. Aspects that can help studies of evaluation policy formulation, supported by the principles of the Unified Health System. International experiences in coping with hepatitis were listed by strategies and power to direct evaluation and implementation actions for the Unified Health System. Final Thoughts: In this context, it is considered emerging to establish an evaluation process to govern strategies considering scenarios of peculiarities of the population's health needs, the provision of services, and consider, comprehensively, technologies and resources necessary for attention, with a balance between epidemiological, technical and political aspects for decision making (AU)

Introducción: La hepatitis viral es un grave problema de salud pública y su eliminación es uno de los desafíos en los sistemas de salud. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre las contribuciones de la evaluación a la gestión del Sistema Único de Salud en el enfrentamiento de la hepatitis viral. Método: Estudio teórico-reflexivo basado en los supuestos de la evaluación de los sistemas y servicios de salud, basado en documentos de bases de datos nacionales e internacionales de salud, anclados en las categorías: Contribuciones de la evaluación a la gestión para proyectar la confrontación de la hepatitis viral y algunas experiencias internacionales en el enfrentamiento de la hepatitis: ¿qué es posible reflejar para el manejo del Sistema Único de Salud? Resultados: La evaluación se contribuye al afrontamiento, siendo el primero el marco teórico documental del Programa Nacional de Prevención y Control de Hepatitis Virales alineado con la estructura de gestión del Sistema Único de Salud para favorecer el acceso y el segundo a la organización de la red asistencial y sus recursos, con una visión estratégica a los programas de microelimación. Aspectos que pueden ayudar a los estudios de formulación de políticas evaluativas, apoyadas en los principios del Sistema Único de Salud. Las experiencias internacionales en el enfrentamiento de la hepatitis fueron enumeradas por estrategias y poder para dirigir acciones de evaluación e implementación al Sistema Único de Salud. Consideraciones finales: En este contexto, se considera emergente instituir un proceso de evaluación para gobernar estrategias considerando escenarios de peculiaridades de las necesidades de salud de la población, la prestación de servicios, además de considerar, de manera integral, las tecnologías y recursos necesarios para la atención, con un equilibrio entre aspectos epidemiológicos, técnicos y políticos para la toma de decisiones (AU)

Brazilian registry for the elimination of hepatitis C in dialysis units: a call to action for Nephrology / Registro brasileiro para eliminação da hepatite C nas unidades de diálise: um chamado para a Nefrologia

Abstract Infection by the hepatitis C virus is more prevalent in patients on dialysis than in the general population in Brazil, and has been associated with worse outcomes. Current therapy for hepatitis C is highly effective, safe, and widely available in Brazil, with coverage provided to dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease, which makes the elimination of hepatitis C a viable target. The Brazilian Society of Nephrology, the Brazilian Society of Hepatology, and the Brazilian Liver Institute developed the "Brazilian Registry for the Elimination of Hepatitis C in Dialysis Units". This project aims to identify, treat, and monitor the response to treatment of patients on chronic dialysis infected with the hepatitis C virus in Brazil. This article presents the issue and invites Brazilian nephrologists to rally around the achievement of a significant goal.

Resumo A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C é mais prevalente em pacientes em diálise do que na população geral no Brasil e implica um pior prognóstico. O tratamento atual para hepatite C é altamente eficaz, seguro e disponível no país, inclusive para a população de pacientes crônicos em diálise, o que torna a eliminação do vírus da hepatite C uma meta viável. A Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia, a Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia e o Instituto Brasileiro do Fígado desenvolveram o "Registro Brasileiro para Eliminação da Hepatite C nas Unidades de Diálise". O projeto visa identificar pacientes em diálise crônica com vírus da hepatite C no Brasil, além de tratar e monitorar a resposta virológica após o tratamento. Este breve artigo apresenta o problema e convida os nefrologistas brasileiros a unirem forças nesse objetivo comum.

Research advances in glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in different types of chronic liver diseases / 临床肝胆病杂志

The liver is an important metabolic organ in the body. Studies have shown that chronic liver disease is closely associated with glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, and different types of liver diseases often show different characteristics of glucose and lipid metabolism. This article reviews the epidemiological characteristics, disease severity, pathogenesis, and treatment methods of glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in different types of chronic liver diseases, so as to improve the awareness among clinicians.

Research advances in sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide in hepatobiliary diseases / 临床肝胆病杂志

Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is not only an important transporter for bile acid absorption into the liver, but also a functional receptor for HBV and HDV, and extensive studies have been performed for its structure, function, gene characteristics, and expression and regulation mechanisms. NTCP is also associated with chronic viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, primary biliary cholangitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This article elaborates on the role of NTCP in various hepatobiliary diseases, so as to provide new direction for the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases.

Safety and efficacy of metabolic surgery in patients with viral hepatitis cirrhosis / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the safety and efficacy of metabolic surgery in obese and type 2 diabetes patients with viral hepatitis cirrhosis.Methods:The data of 8 patients with viral hepatitis cirrhosis undergoing metabolic surgery at Department of General Surgery ,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University from Aug 2012 to Dec 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 8 patients, 2 underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and 6 underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. The Child-Pugh classification of all patients before operation was classified as Grade A. The operation process was successful with no complications such as ascites, bleeding , digestive tract and gastric leakage or obstruction during the perioperative period. There was no abnormal liver function and decompensation during the median 2.5 year's (3 month to 8 years) follow-up period. The weight loss after the operation was obvious, when 1 year after operation, percentage of excess weight loss (EWL%)>54.78% and the surgery was also conducive to the control of blood glucose in diabetes patients.Conclusion:Metabolic surgery is safe and feasible for obese and type 2 diabetes patients with viral hepatitis cirrhosis.

Viral hepatitis caused by occupational accidents: distribution of cases in Brazil, 2007-2014 / Hepatites virais por acidentes de trabalho: distribuição dos casos no Brasil, 2007-2014 / Hepatitis viral por accidentes de trabajo: distribución de casos en Brasil, 2007-2014

Background and Objectives: to analyze the distribution of cases of viral hepatitis due to occupational accidents in Brazil from 2007 to 2014. Methods: this is an ecological study of a descriptive nature of notifications of viral hepatitis registered in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases. Results: they point out that the mean incidence of viral hepatitis due to occupational accidents in Brazil was 2 cases/1,000,000 of the economically active and employed population. There was an increasing trend in the Midwest region (p=0.02), among women (p=0.01) and those aged 38 to 49 years and 50 and older (p=0.01). The decreasing time trend was observed among those up to 37 years old and for non-black race/skin color (p=0.04). Conclusion: the temporal distribution was stationary in most regions and states in Brazil, increasing among female workers over 38 years old and decreasing among non-black women and under 37 years old.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: analisar a distribuição dos casos de hepatites virais por acidentes de trabalho no Brasil de 2007 a 2014. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo ecológico de natureza descritiva das notificações de hepatites virais registradas no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Resultados: apontam que a incidência média de hepatites virais por acidentes de trabalho no Brasil foi de 2 casos/1.000.000 da população economicamente ativa e ocupada. Houve tendência de aumento na região Centro-Oeste (p=0,02), entre as mulheres (p=0,01) e entre 38 a 49 anos e 50 anos ou mais (p=0,01). A tendência temporal decrescente foi observada entre aqueles com até 37 anos e para raça/cor da pele não preta (p=0,04). Conclusão: a distribuição temporal foi estacionária na maioria das regiões e estados do Brasil, aumentando entre as trabalhadoras acima de 38 anos e diminuindo entre as mulheres não negras e com menos de 37 anos.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: analizar la distribución de los casos de hepatitis viral por accidentes de trabajo en Brasil de 2007 a 2014. Métodos: se trata de un estudio ecológico de carácter descriptivo de las notificaciones de hepatitis viral registradas en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria. Resultados: señalan que la incidencia media de hepatitis viral por accidente de trabajo en Brasil fue de 2 casos/1.000.000 de población económicamente activa y ocupada. Hubo una tendencia creciente en la región del Medio Oeste (p=0,02), entre las mujeres (p=0,01) y las de 38 a 49 años y 50 y más (p=0,01). La tendencia temporal decreciente se observó entre los de hasta 37 años y para raza/color de piel no negra (p=0,04). Conclusión: la distribución temporal fue estacionaria en la mayoría de las regiones y estados de Brasil, aumentando entre las trabajadoras mayores de 38 años y disminuyendo entre las mujeres no negras y menores de 37 años.(AU)

Community screening identifies undiagnosed chronic liver disease in high-risk populations.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Liver cirrhosis is the primary risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Most conditions that lead to cirrhosis are treatable, or modifiable. Therefore, a community-based screening program targeting high-risk groups was designed for early diagnosis and intervention of liver disease, to offset the rising burden of hepatocellular carcinoma in Australia. METHODS: Two nurse consultants from a tertiary liver center performed community screening of pre-identified cohorts at risk of viral hepatitis and chronic liver disease, with transient elastography and/or serology testing for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), in addition to standard blood tests. A positive screening result was defined as any of the following: liver stiffness measurement (LSM) ≥ 9.5 kPa, positive HCV RNA, or positive HBV surface antigen. Individuals who screened positive were linked to the liver center for management. RESULTS: Nine hundred and twenty-six subjects were screened over a 6-year period, of which 122/926 (13.2%) had evidence of chronic liver disease. Chronic viral hepatitis was diagnosed in 91 participants (HBV = 23, HCV = 67, and co-infection = 1), while non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was diagnosed in 14 participants. Advanced fibrosis (LSM ≥ 9.5 kPa) was detected in 42/866 (4.9%) subjects with available LSM. Loss to follow-up occurred in 36/91 (39.6%) participants with chronic viral hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting high-risk populations for community screening and intervention increases early identification of chronic liver disease. This may reduce the incidence of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Loss to follow-up remains an ongoing challenge, requiring better strategies.

Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance and quantile regression for determinants of underutilisation in at-risk Australian patients.

BACKGROUND: While clinical guidelines recommend hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance for at-risk individuals, reported surveillance rates in the United States and Europe remain disappointingly low. AIM: To quantify HCC surveillance in an Australian cohort, and assess for factors associated with surveillance underutilisation. METHODS: All patients undergoing HCC surveillance liver ultrasounds between January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2018 at a tertiary hospital in Melbourne, Australia, were followed until July 31, 2020, or when surveillance was no longer required. The primary outcome was the percentage of time up-to-date with HCC surveillance (PTUDS). Quantile regression was performed to determine the impact of factors associated with HCC surveillance underutilisation. RESULTS: Among 775 at-risk patients followed up for a median of 27.5 months, the median PTUDS was 84.2% (IQR: 66.3%-96.3%). 85.0% of patients were followed up by specialist gastroenterologists. Amongst those receiving specialist care, quantile regression demonstrated differential associations at various quantile levels of PTUDS for several factors. Older age at the 25th quantile (estimate 0.002 per percent, P = 0.03), and cirrhotic status at the 75th quantile (estimate 0.021, P = 0.017), were significantly associated with greater percentage of time up-to-date. African ethnicity (estimate -0.089, P = 0.048) and a culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) background (estimate -0.063, P = 0.01) were significantly associated with lower PTUDS at the 50th quantile, and again for CALD at the 75th quantile (estimate -0.026, P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: While median PTUDS in this Australian cohort study was 84.2%, awareness of the impact of specific factors across PTUDS quantiles can aid targeted interventions towards improved HCC surveillance.

Effect of aspirin on the incidence rate of liver cancer in patients with viral hepatitis: A Meta-analysis / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of the use of aspirin on the incidence rate of liver cancer in patients with viral hepatitis. MethodsEnglish databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies on the use of aspirin and the incidence rate of liver cancer in patients with viral hepatitis published up to July 15, 2020. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were selected as pooled indicators. RevMan 5.3 was used to perform the Meta-analysis, and a descriptive analysis was performed for data that could not be pooled. ResultsNine studies were included, involving 132 066 patients with viral hepatitis. The results showed that the incidence rate of liver cancer was reduced by 31% in the patients with viral hepatitis who were treated with aspirin (HR=069, 95% CI: 0.65-0.74, P＜0.000 01). Four studies reported the incidence rate of gastrointestinal bleeding, suggesting that the use of aspirin did not significantly increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with viral hepatitis(P＞0.05). ConclusionAspirin therapy may help to reduce the incidence rate of liver cancer in patients with viral hepatitis and does not significantly increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in such patients and the patients with liver cirrhosis. Aspirin may have a positive significance in reducing liver cancer, but the mechanism behind this clinical phenomenon remains unclear, and therefore, more clinical observation studies are needed to verify its safety and efficacy.

Hepatitis aguda por virus C: reporte de siete casos en centro de referencia en Chile

Hepatitis C virus infection is a major global public health problem. Treatment with direct-acting antivirals is intended to eradicate the chronic form of this infection by 2030. Although uncommon, the acute form of presentation is increasingly recognized, especially in some high-risk populations, such as men who have sex with men without protection. Its virological and serological diagnosis is not standardized, so clinical suspicion is essential. Its early detection allows a timely treatment. We report seven cases of acute HCV hepatitis in a national reference center, its presentation, diagnosis and treatment. We discuss populations at risk and the change in therapeutics with the use of direct-acting antiviral drugs.

[Gene mutation pattern of Gilbert's syndrome combined with viral hepatitis and its relationship with the exploration of clinical data].

Objective: To study whether gene mutation pattern of Gilbert's syndrome (GS) is combined with viral hepatitis and its relationship with relevant clinical data. Methods: Clinical data of GS patients combined with viral hepatitis who was admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases of Henan Provincial People's Hospital from August 2013 to December 2018 was retrospectively analyzed. The relationship between gene mutation pattern, general data (age, gender, etc.) and liver biochemical indexes was analyzed. The differences of the above data in patients with or without combined viral hepatitis were analyzed. The measurement data were compared by t-test. The categorical data was compared by the χ (2) test. The median and interquartile range of non-normally distributed data was used to indicate the central and discrete tendency. Results: A total of 107 GS eligible cases data were collected. The male to female ratio was 4.94:1 (89:18). The average age of onset was (36.36 ± 12.51) years. Alanine aminotransferase and total bilirubin levels were normal or slightly elevated, while aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyltransferase were all within the normal range. There were 49 cases in the combined viral hepatitis group (36 cases with HBV and 13 cases with HCV), and 58 cases in the GS alone group. Total bilirubin level in GS alone group was higher than the combined viral hepatitis group (z = 0.035, P < 0.05), and there were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyltransferase (P > 0.05). Uridine diphosphate glucuronide transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), specifically encoded by GS was detected in all 107 cases. Mutations was mainly occurred in the upstream promoter PBREM-3263 (-3279) (86 cases) and TATA box TA insertion mutation (71 cases), and GGA-AGA Gly71Arg (57 cases) mutation in EXON1 of the coding region. All mutation forms had manifestations of homozygous and heterozygous abnormalities. The combined incidence of main mutation forms in the genetic testing data were sequenced as: A2 + B2 + C2 (17 cases, 25.23%), A1 + B1 (17 cases, 15.89%), A2 (11 cases, 10.28%), C2 (10 Cases, 9.34%), A2 + B2 (7 cases, 6.54%), A1 + B2 (7 cases, 6.54%), C1 (7 cases, 6.54%), and there was no statistically significant difference between different mutation combinations in patients with or without hepatitis (P > 0.05). The results of total data analysis showed that the total bilirubin level in the single-site mutation group was higher than the multi-site mutation group (Z=2.019, P = 0.043), and other biochemical indicators had no effect (P > 0.05) and the differences were not statistically significant. Further analysis showed that the total bilirubin level of the single-site mutation subgroup in the GS alone group was higher than the multi-site mutation subgroup (Z = 1.999, P = 0.046), and the statistical difference was similar to the combined viral hepatitis group (P > 0.05). Different mutation combinations had no effect on biochemical indexes, and had no relationship with combined viral hepatitis (P > 0.05). Conclusion: GS is common in patients with combined viral hepatitis, and there is no significant difference between the incidence of gene mutation, mutation forms, biochemical indexes, and non-hepatitis group. The increase in the number of GS mutation sites does not aggravate the deterioration of bilirubin levels due to the decrease in the content and activity of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase, and the combination of different mutation sites does not affect the changes of various biochemical indexes, and at the same time it is not related to hepatitis.

Adesão das equipes aos testes rápidos no pré-natal e administração da penicilina benzatina na atenção primária / Adopción de los equipos a las pruebas prenatales rápidas y la administración de penicilina benzatínica en atención primaria / Team adherence to rapid prenatal testing and administration of benzathine penicillin in primary healthcare

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar os fatores relacionados ao processo de trabalho no que se refere à adesão das equipes de Atenção Primária ao teste rápido para HIV, sífilis, hepatites B e C durante o acompanhamento do pré-natal e a administração da penicilina benzatina na atenção primária à saúde. Método Estudo descritivo, exploratório, quantitativo, realizado entre os meses de julho e novembro de 2018, com profissionais das equipes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família do Seridó Norte-Rio-Grandense. Resultados Participaram do estudo 18 municípios, 94 Unidades Básicas de Saúde e 100 equipes de Estratégia de Saúde da Família. O enfermeiro era o principal envolvido no serviço de testagem, 93% das equipes entrevistadas ofereciam o teste na rotina do serviço. Dessas equipes, 97,8% realizavam a testagem no pré-natal, 51,6% disponibilizavam o teste para a gestante no início do terceiro trimestre e 57% ofereciam o teste rápido para os(as) parceiros(as) sexuais. A penicilina benzantina estava disponível em 87,1% das equipes, todavia, 49,5% não administravam a medicação na atenção primária. Conclusão O processo de testagem se mostrava fragilizado, pois, mesmo havendo disponibilidade do teste no pré-natal, as demais atividades interligadas ao processo de trabalho não ocorriam adequadamente.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar los factores relacionados con el proceso de trabajo relativo a la adhesión de los equipos de atención primaria a las pruebas rápidas de detección del VIH, la sífilis y la hepatitis B y C durante el seguimiento prenatal y la administración de penicilina benzatínica en la atención primaria de salud. Método Estudio descriptivo, exploratorio y cuantitativo, realizado entre julio y noviembre de 2018, con profesionales de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar de la región Seridó en el Río Grande do Norte. Resultados Participaran del estudio 18 municipios, 94 Unidades básicas de salud y 100 equipos de Estrategia de Salud Familiar. El enfermero fue el principal involucrado en el servicio de pruebas, el 93% de los equipos entrevistados ofrecieron la prueba en la rutina del servicio. De estos equipos, 97,8% realizó la prueba prenatal, 51,6% puso la prueba a disposición de la mujer embarazada al principio del tercer trimestre y el 57% ofreció la prueba rápida para parejas sexuales. El 87,1% de los equipos disponía de penicilina benzatina, pero el 49,5% no la administraba en la atención primaria. Conclusión El proceso de prueba se debilitó porque, aunque la prueba estaba disponible en el período prenatal, las demás actividades relacionadas con el proceso de trabajo no se desarrollaron adecuadamente.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the factors related to the work process regarding the adherence of Primary Healthcare teams to the rapid test for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C during prenatal care and administration of benzathine penicillin in primary healthcare. Method A descriptive, exploratory and quantitative study conducted between the months of July and November 2018, with professionals from the Family Health Strategy teams of the Seridó Norte-Rio-Grandense region in Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. Results There were 18 municipalities, 94 Basic Health Units and 100 Family Health Strategy teams which participated in the study. The nurse was the main person involved in the testing service, and 93% of the interviewed teams offered the test in the service routine. Of these teams, 97.8% underwent prenatal testing, 51.6% offered the test to the pregnant woman at the beginning of the third trimester, and 57% offered the rapid test to sexual partners. Benzantine penicillin was available in 87.1% of the teams; however, 49.5% did not administer the medication in primary healthcare. Conclusion The testing process proved to be fragile because even if the test was available in prenatal care, the other activities linked to the work process did not occur properly.